29 Mar 2017 [2017] EWHC 654 (Comm); [2017] Bus LR 1270; [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 922; [2017] 1 Lloyd's Rep 580; [2017] WLR (D) 345, QBD (Andrew Baker J)
17 Apr 2018 [2018] EWCA Civ 778; [2018] Bus LR 1481; [2018] 3 All ER 1009; [2018] 2 All ER (Comm) 503; [2018] 2 Lloyd's Rep 59; [2018] WLR (D) 224, CA (Gloster and Flaux LJJ)
SHIPPING — Limitation of liability — Carrier's liability — Containerised cargo comprising individual items and bags— Contract of carriage providing for bills of lading but waybills issued instead— Whether Hague-Visby Rules applying despite issue of waybills— Whether limit of liability per “package or unit” referring to containers or individual items of cargo— Whether each package or unit having its own limit with no aggregation— Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1924 (14 & 15 Geo 5, c 22), Sch, art IV, r 5 — Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 (c 19), s 1(4), Sch 1, arts I(b), IV, r 5
[2017] EWHC 654 (Comm); [2017] Bus LR 1270; [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 922; [2017] 1 Lloyd's Rep 580; [2017] WLR (D) 345, QBD
SHIPPING — Limitation of liability — Carrier’s liability — Cantainerised cargo comprising individual tuna loins without wrapping or packaging — Hague-Visby Rules applying to limit carrier’s liability per package or unit if contract of carriage covered by bill of lading or providing for issue of bill of lading — Rules deeming number of packages or units in container to be number enumerated in bill of lading as packed — Receiver agreeing for reasons of expediency to issue of sea waybills although contract of carriage entitling it to bills of lading — Whether Rules applying notwithstanding issue of waybills — Whether enumeration in “bill of lading” encompassing enumeration in waybill — Whether individual tuna loins separate unit for purposes of limitation of liability — Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 (c 19), s 1(4), Sch 1, arts I(b), IV, r 5
[2018] EWCA Civ 778; [2018] Bus LR 1481; [2018] 3 All ER 1009; [2018] 2 All ER (Comm) 503; [2018] 2 Lloyd's Rep 59; [2018] WLR (D) 224, CA
Kyokuyo Co Ltd v AP Møller-Maersk A/S (t/a Maersk Line) (The Maersk Tangier) [2017] EWHC 654 (Comm); [2017] Bus LR 1270; [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 922; [2017] 1 Lloyd's Rep 580; [2017] WLR (D) 345, QBD
Decision of Andrew Baker J affirmed
Kyokuyo Co Ltd v AP Møller-Maersk A/S (t/a Maersk Line) (The Maersk Tangier) [2018] EWCA Civ 778; [2018] Bus LR 1481; [2018] 3 All ER 1009; [2018] 2 All ER (Comm) 503; [2018] 2 Lloyd's Rep 59; [2018] WLR (D) 224, CA
Statutes
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 (c 19), s 1(4), Sch 1, arts I(b), IV, r 5
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1924 (14 & 15 Geo 5, c 22), Sch, art IV, r 5
"per package or unit" — Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1924 (14 & 15 Geo 5, c 22), Sch, art IV, r 5
Cases considered in: Kyokuyo Co Ltd v AP Møller-Maersk A/S (t/a Maersk Line) (The Maersk Tangier) [2018] EWCA Civ 778; [2018] Bus LR 1481; [2018] 3 All ER 1009; [2018] 2 All ER (Comm) 503; [2018] 2 Lloyd's Rep 59; [2018] WLR (D) 224, CA
MacWilliam (JI) Co Inc v Mediterranean Shipping Co SA (The Rafaela S) [2005] UKHL 11; [2005] 2 AC 423; [2005] 2 WLR 554; [2005] 2 All ER 86; [2005] 1 All ER (Comm) 393; [2005] 1 Lloyd's Rep 347; [2005] 1 CLC 172; The Times, 21 February 2005, HL(E) Applied
El Greco (Australia) Pty Ltd v Mediterranean Shipping Co SA [2004] 2 Lloyd's Rep 537 Not applied
Pyrene Co Ltd v Scindia Steam Navigation Co Ltd [1954] 2 QB 402; [1954] 2 WLR 1005; [1954] 1 Lloyd's Rep 321; [1954] 2 All ER 158, QBD Applied
Cases considered in: Kyokuyo Co Ltd v AP Møller-Maersk A/S (t/a Maersk Line) (The Maersk Tangier) [2017] EWHC 654 (Comm); [2017] Bus LR 1270; [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 922; [2017] 1 Lloyd's Rep 580; [2017] WLR (D) 345, QBD
El Greco (Australia) Pty Ltd v Mediterranean Shipping Co SA [2004] 2 Lloyd's Rep 537 Considered
Parsons Corpn v CV Scheepvaartonderneming (Happy Ranger) [2002] 1 All ER (Comm) 176; [2001] 2 Lloyd's Rep 530, QBD Applied
River Gurara (Owners of cargo lately laden on board) v Nigerian National Shipping Line Ltd [1998] QB 610; [1997] 3 WLR 1128; [1997] 4 All ER 498; [1998] 1 Lloyd's Rep 225, CA Applied
Pyrene Co Ltd v Scindia Steam Navigation Co Ltd [1954] 2 QB 402; [1954] 2 WLR 1005; [1954] 1 Lloyd's Rep 321; [1954] 2 All ER 158, QBD Applied
Cases cited in: Kyokuyo Co Ltd v AP Møller-Maersk A/S (t/a Maersk Line) (The Maersk Tangier) [2017] EWHC 654 (Comm); [2017] Bus LR 1270; [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 922; [2017] 1 Lloyd's Rep 580; [2017] WLR (D) 345, QBD
Anticosti Shipping Co v Viateur St Amand [1959] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 352, Supreme Ct of Canada
Aston FFI (Suisse) SA v Louis Dreyfus Commodities Suisse SA [2015] EWHC 80 (Comm); [2015] 1 All ER (Comm) 985; [2015] 1 Lloyd's Rep 413; [2015] CN 158, QBD
Automatic Tube Co Pty Ltd v Adelaide Steamship (Operations) Ltd (The Beltana) [1967] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 531, Supreme Ct of Western Australia
Bekol BV v Terracina Shipping Corpn (The Jamie) (unreported) 13 July 1988, Leggatt J
Browner International Ltd v Monarch Shipping Co Ltd [1989] 2 Lloyd's Rep 185
Cia Portorafti Commerciale SA v Ultramar Panama Inc (The Captain Gregos) [1990] 3 All ER 967; [1990] 1 Lloyd's Rep 310, CA
Doroty, The [1979] 1 FC 283; 1978 ETL 550
El Greco (Australia) Pty Ltd v Mediterranean Shipping Co SA [2004] 2 Lloyd's Rep 537
Falconbridge Nickel Mines Ltd v Chimo Shipping Ltd [1973] 2 Lloyd's Rep 469, SC (Canada)
Fothergill v Monarch Airlines Ltd [1981] AC 251; [1980] 3 WLR 209; [1980] 2 All ER 696; [1980] 2 Lloyd's Rep 295, HL(E)
Harland & Wolff Ltd v Burns & Laird Lines Ltd (1931) 40 Ll L Rep 286; 1931 SC 722, Ct of Sess
Jindal Iron & Steel Co Ltd v Islamic Solidarity Shipping Co Jordan Inc [2004] UKHL 49; [2005] 1 WLR 1363; [2005] 1 All ER 175; [2005] 1 All ER (Comm) 1; [2005] 1 Lloyd's Rep 57, HL(E)
MacWilliam (JI) Co Inc v Mediterranean Shipping Co SA (The Rafaela S) [2005] UKHL 11; [2005] 2 AC 423; [2005] 2 WLR 554; [2005] 2 All ER 86; [2005] 1 All ER (Comm) 393; [2005] 1 Lloyd's Rep 347; [2005] 1 CLC 172; The Times, 21 February 2005, HL(E)
NS Tractors v M/V Tarros Gage (1986) 1 FTR 243; 1986 AMC 2050
New Zealand Railways v Progressive Engineering Co Ltd [1968] NZLR 1053
Parsons Corpn v CV Scheepvaartonderneming (Happy Ranger) [2002] EWCA Civ 694; [2002] 2 All ER (Comm) 24; [2002] 2 Lloyd's Rep 357; [2003] 1 CLC 122, CA
Pirelli General plc v PSA Corpn Ltd [2003] SGHC 31
Pyrene Co Ltd v Scindia Steam Navigation Co Ltd [1954] 2 QB 402; [1954] 2 WLR 1005; [1954] 1 Lloyd's Rep 321; [1954] 2 All ER 158, QBD
River Gurara (Owners of cargo lately laden on board) v Nigerian National Shipping Line Ltd [1998] QB 610; [1997] 3 WLR 1128; [1997] 4 All ER 498; [1998] 1 Lloyd's Rep 225, CA
Sept Iles Express v Clement Tremblay [1964] Ex CR 213
Serena Navigation Ltd v Dera Commercial Establishment (The Linmos) [2008] EWHC 1036 (Comm); [2008] 2 All ER (Comm) 1005; [2008] 2 Lloyd's Rep 166, QBD
St Simeon Navigation Inc v A Couturier & Fils (1973) 44 DLR (3d) 478, Supreme Ct of Canada
Studebaker Distributors Ltd v Charlton Steam Shipping Co Ltd [1938] 1 KB 459, KBD
The Aegis Spirit [1977] 1 Lloyd's Rep 93
The Hollandia [1983] 1 AC 565; [1982] 3 WLR 1111; [1982] 3 All ER 1141; [1983] 1 Lloyd's Rep 1, HL(E)
The Rosa S [1989] QB 419; [1989] 2 WLR 162; [1989] 1 All ER 489; [1988] 2 Lloyd's Rep 574; [1989] 2 Lloyd's Rep 574, QBD
Trafigura Beheer BV v Mediterranean Shipping Co SA [2007] EWCA Civ 794; [2008] 1 All ER (Comm) 385; [2008] 1 All ER(Comm) 385; [2007] 2 Lloyd's Rep 622, CA
Vinnlustodin HF v Sea Tank Shipping AS (The Aqasia) [2016] EWHC 2514 (Comm); [2017] Bus LR 730; [2016] 2 Lloyd's Rep 510; [2016] WLR (D) 645, QBD
Virulite LLC v Virulite Distribution Ltd [2014] EWHC 366 (QB); [2015] 1 All ER (Comm) 204; [2014] CN 388, QBD
Voss v APL Co Pte Ltd [2002] 2 Lloyd's Rep 707
Cases cited in: Kyokuyo Co Ltd v AP Møller-Maersk A/S (t/a Maersk Line) (The Maersk Tangier) [2018] EWCA Civ 778; [2018] Bus LR 1481; [2018] 3 All ER 1009; [2018] 2 All ER (Comm) 503; [2018] 2 Lloyd's Rep 59; [2018] WLR (D) 224, CA
Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co Ltd v Adamastos Shipping Co Ltd [1959] AC 133; [1958] 2 WLR 688, HL(E)
Anticosti Shipping Co v Viateur St Amand [1959] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 352, Supreme Ct of Canada
Aston FFI (Suisse) SA v Louis Dreyfus Commodities Suisse SA [2015] EWHC 80 (Comm); [2015] 1 All ER (Comm) 985; [2015] 1 Lloyd's Rep 413; [2015] CN 158, QBD
Automatic Tube Co Pty Ltd v Adelaide Steamship (Operations) Ltd (The Beltana) [1967] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 531, Supreme Ct of Western Australia
Bahamas Oil Refining Co International Ltd v Owners of the Cape Bari Tankschiffahrts GMBH & Co KG [2016] UKPC 20; [2017] 1 All ER (Comm) 189; [2016] 2 Lloyd's Rep 469; Case details, PC
Bekol BV v Terracina Shipping Corpn (The Jamie) (unreported) 13 July 1988, Leggatt J
Browner International Ltd v Monarch Shipping Co Ltd [1989] 2 Lloyd's Rep 185
CMA CGM SA v Classica Shipping Co Ltd (The CMA Djakarta) [2003] EWHC 641 (Comm); [2003] 2 All ER (Comm) 21; [2003] 2 Lloyd's Rep 50, QBD
El Greco (Australia) Pty Ltd v Mediterranean Shipping Co SA [2004] 2 Lloyd's Rep 537
Harland & Wolff Ltd v Burns & Laird Lines Ltd 1931 SC 722; 40 Ll L Rep 286, Ct of Sess
MacWilliam (JI) Co Inc v Mediterranean Shipping Co SA (The Rafaela S) [2005] UKHL 11; [2005] 2 AC 423; [2005] 2 WLR 554; [2005] 2 All ER 86; [2005] 1 All ER (Comm) 393; [2005] 1 Lloyd's Rep 347; [2005] 1 CLC 172; The Times, 21 February 2005, HL(E)
Parsons Corpn v CV Scheepvaartonderneming (Happy Ranger) [2002] EWCA Civ 694; [2002] 2 All ER (Comm) 24; [2002] 2 Lloyd's Rep 357; [2003] 1 CLC 122, CA
Pyrene Co Ltd v Scindia Steam Navigation Co Ltd [1954] 2 QB 402; [1954] 2 WLR 1005; [1954] 1 Lloyd's Rep 321; [1954] 2 All ER 158, QBD
River Gurara (Owners of cargo lately laden on board) v Nigerian National Shipping Line Ltd [1998] QB 610; [1997] 3 WLR 1128; [1997] 4 All ER 498; [1998] 1 Lloyd's Rep 225, CA
St Simeon Navigation Inc v A Couturier & Fils (1973) 44 DLR (3d) 478, Supreme Ct of Canada
Studebaker Distributors Ltd v Charlton Steam Shipping Co Ltd [1938] 1 KB 459, KBD
The Aegis Spirit [1977] 1 Lloyd's Rep 93
The Hollandia [1983] 1 AC 565; [1982] 3 WLR 1111; [1982] 3 All ER 1141; [1983] 1 Lloyd's Rep 1, HL(E)
The Kulmerland [1973] 1 Lloyd's Rep 318, District Ct (US)
Vinnlustodin HF v Sea Tank Shipping AS (The Aqasia) [2016] EWHC 2514 (Comm); [2017] Bus LR 730; [2016] 2 Lloyd's Rep 510; [2016] WLR (D) 645, QBD
Cases subsequently considering: Kyokuyo Co Ltd v AP Møller-Maersk A/S (t/a Maersk Line) (The Maersk Tangier) [2018] EWCA Civ 778; [2018] Bus LR 1481; [2018] 3 All ER 1009; [2018] 2 All ER (Comm) 503; [2018] 2 Lloyd's Rep 59; [2018] WLR (D) 224, CA
Considered in Poralu Marine Australia PTY Ltd v MV Dijksgracht [2022] FCA 1038; [2023] 2 Lloyd's Rep 18, FC (Aus)
Cases citing: Kyokuyo Co Ltd v AP Møller-Maersk A/S (t/a Maersk Line) (The Maersk Tangier) [2017] EWHC 654 (Comm); [2017] Bus LR 1270; [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 922; [2017] 1 Lloyd's Rep 580; [2017] WLR (D) 345, QBD
Trafigura Pte Ltd v TKK Shipping Pte Ltd [2023] EWHC 26 (Comm); [2023] Bus LR 890; [2023] 2 All ER (Comm) 427; [2023] 2 Lloyd's Rep 338; [2023] WLR(D) 23, KBD
Vinnlustodin HF v Sea Tank Shipping AS (The Aqasia) [2018] EWCA Civ 276; [2018] Bus LR 992; [2018] 3 All ER 981; [2018] 2 All ER (Comm) 191; [2018] 1 Lloyd's Rep 530; [2018] WLR (D) 112, CA
Cases citing: Kyokuyo Co Ltd v AP Møller-Maersk A/S (t/a Maersk Line) (The Maersk Tangier) [2018] EWCA Civ 778; [2018] Bus LR 1481; [2018] 3 All ER 1009; [2018] 2 All ER (Comm) 503; [2018] 2 Lloyd's Rep 59; [2018] WLR (D) 224, CA
Alize 1954 v Allianz Elementar Versicherungs AG (The CMA CGM Libra) [2021] UKSC 51; [2021] Bus LR 1678; [2022] 2 All ER 479; [2022] 1 All ER (Comm) 1315; [2021] 2 Lloyd's Rep 613; [2021] WLR(D) 577, SC(E)
FIMBank plc v KCH Shipping Co Ltd (No 2) (The Giant Ace) [2022] EWHC 2400 (Comm); [2023] 1 All ER (Comm) 736; [2023] 1 Lloyd's Rep 381, KBD
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