Hearings
27 Jan 2015 [2015] EWCA Civ 26; [2016] Fam 1; [2015] 3 WLR 803; [2015] WLR (D) 44, CA (Richards, Black, Ryder LJJ)
09 Jul 2015 (appn dis) [2015] 1 WLR 4931, SC(E)
In re M (Children) (Abduction: Child’s Objections)
Subject Matter
CHILDREN — Custody rights — Breach — Mother wrongfully removing children habitually resident in Irish Republic to England — Father applying for return of children — Correct approach to determining whether court having discretion to decline return order because child objecting to being returned and having attained age and degree of maturity at which appropriate to take account of child’s views — Factors relevant to exercise of discretion — Whether to be exercised — Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985, Sch 1, art 13
[2015] EWCA Civ 26; [2016] Fam 1; [2015] 3 WLR 803; [2015] WLR (D) 44, CA
PRACTICE — Parties — Joinder — Father applying for return of children wrongfully removed by mother from state of habitual residence — Joinder of children as parties to proceedings first sought on appeal to Court of Appeal — Procedure to be followed on joinder of children at appeal stage — Whether children correctly joined — CPR rr 19.1, 52.1 — Practice Direction 16A supplementing FPR Pt 16
[2015] EWCA Civ 26; [2016] Fam 1; [2015] 3 WLR 803; [2015] WLR (D) 44, CA
Cases Considered
Cases considered in: In re M (Children) (Abduction: Child’s Objections) [2015] EWCA Civ 26; [2016] Fam 1; [2015] 3 WLR 803; [2015] WLR (D) 44, CA
In re W (Abduction: Child’s Objections) [2010] EWCA Civ 520; [2010] 2 FLR 1165, CA Considered
In re M (Children) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2007] UKHL 55; [2008] AC 1288; [2007] 3 WLR 975; [2008] 1 All ER 1157; [2008] 1 FLR 251; [2008] 1 FCR 536; The Times, 6 December 2007, HL(E) Considered
In re T (Abduction: Child’s Objections to Return) [2000] 2 FLR 192, CA Not followed
Cases Cited
Cases cited in: In re M (Children) (Abduction: Child’s Objections) [2015] EWCA Civ 26; [2016] Fam 1; [2015] 3 WLR 803; [2015] WLR (D) 44, CA
A (Minors) (Abduction: Acquiescence), In re (No 2) [1993] 1 FLR 396, CA
AVH v SI [2014] EWHC 2938 (Fam), Fam D
British Telecommunications plc v Telefónica O2 UK Ltd [2014] UKSC 42; [2014] Bus LR 765; [2014] 4 All ER 907; [2014] 2 All ER (Comm) 877; Case details, SC(E)
De L v H [2009] EWHC 3074 (Fam); [2010] 1 FLR 1229, Fam D
Director-General of the Department of Community Services v Apostolakis [1996] FamCA 57; 21 Fam LR 1
English v Emery Reimbold & Strick Ltd (Practice Note) [2002] EWCA Civ 605; [2002] 1 WLR 2409; [2002] 3 All ER 385, CA
George Wimpey UK Ltd v Tewkesbury Borough Council [2008] EWCA Civ 12; [2008] 1 WLR 1649; [2008] 3 All ER 859, CA
H v H (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1996] 2 FLR 570, CA
In re A (Children) (Judgment: Adequacy of Reasoning) (Practice Note) [2011] EWCA Civ 1205; [2012] 1 WLR 595; [2012] 1 FLR 134; [2011] WLR (D) 346, CA
In re C (Abduction: Grave Risk of Physical or Psychological Harm) [1999] 2 FLR 478, CA
In re D (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2006] UKHL 51; [2007] 1 AC 619; [2006] 3 WLR 989; [2007] 1 All ER 783; [2007] 1 FLR 961; [2007] 1 FCR 1; (2006) 156 NLJ 1803; The Times, 17 November 2006; The Independent, 21 November 2006, HL(E)
In re E (Children) (Abduction: Custody Appeal) [2011] UKSC 27; [2012] 1 AC 144; [2011] 2 WLR 1326; [2011] 4 All ER 517; [2011] 2 FLR 758; [2011] 2 FCR 419; [2011] HRLR 32; [2011] WLR (D) 191; The Times, 16 June 2011; Case details, SC(E)
In re F (A Minor) (Abduction: Custody Rights Abroad) [1995] Fam 224; [1995] 3 WLR 339; [1995] 3 All ER 641; [1995] 2 FLR 31, CA
In re G (Abduction: Children’s Objections) [2010] EWCA Civ 1232; [2011] 1 FLR 1645, CA
In re H (Abduction) [2009] EWHC 1735 (Fam); [2009] 2 FLR 1513, Fam D
In re J (Abduction: Children’s Objections) [2011] EWCA Civ 1448; [2012] 1 FLR 457, CA
In re J and K (Abduction: Objections of Child) [2004] EWHC 1985 (Fam); [2005] 1 FLR 273, Fam D
In re K (A Child) (Hague Convention: Child’s Objections) [2014] EWCA Civ 1364; [2014] CN 1805, CA
In re K (Abduction: Case Management) [2010] EWCA Civ 1546; [2011] 1 FLR 1268, CA
In re KP (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) (Practice Note) [2014] EWCA Civ 554; [2014] 1 WLR 4326; [2014] 2 FLR 660; [2014] WLR (D) 181, CA
In re LC (Children) [2014] UKSC 1; [2014] AC 1038; [2014] 2 WLR 124; [2014] 1 All ER 1181; [2014] 1 FLR 1486; [2014] WLR (D) 11; Case details, SC(E)
In re M (Abduction: Child’s Objections) [2007] EWCA Civ 260; [2007] 2 FLR 72, CA
In re M (Children) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2007] UKHL 55; [2008] AC 1288; [2007] 3 WLR 975; [2008] 1 All ER 1157; [2008] 1 FLR 251; [2008] 1 FCR 536; The Times, 6 December 2007, HL(E)
In re M (Fact-Finding Hearing: Burden of Proof) [2008] EWCA Civ 1261; [2009] 1 FLR 1177, CA
In re P-J (Children) (Abduction: Consent) [2009] EWCA Civ 588; [2010] 1 WLR 1237; [2009] 2 FLR 1051; [2009] WLR (D) 207, CA
In re R (Child Abduction: Acquiescence) [1995] 1 FLR 716, CA
In re S (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2012] UKSC 10; [2012] 2 AC 257; [2012] 2 WLR 721; [2012] 2 All ER 603; [2012] 2 FLR 442; [2012] WLR (D) 78; Case details, SC(E)
In re S (A Minor) (Abduction: Custody Rights) [1993] Fam 242; [1993] 2 WLR 775; [1993] 2 All ER 683, CA
In re T (Abduction: Child’s Objections to Return) [2000] 2 FLR 192, CA
In re W (Abduction: Child’s Objections) [2010] EWCA Civ 520; [2010] 2 FLR 1165, CA
Ladd v Marshall [1954] 1 WLR 1489; [1954] 3 All ER 745; (1954) FLR Rep 422, CA
M (A Minor) (Child Abduction), In re [1994] 1 FLR 390, CA
R (A Minor: Abduction), In re [1992] 1 FLR 105
S v B (Abduction: Human Rights) [2005] EWHC 733 (Fam); [2005] 2 FLR 878, Fam D
TB v JB (Abduction: Grave Risk of Harm) [2001] 2 FLR 515, CA
W v W (Abduction: Joinder as Party) [2009] EWHC 3288 (Fam); [2010] 1 FLR 1342, Fam D
W v W (Child Abduction: Acquiescence) [1993] 2 FLR 211
WF v FJ, BF and RF (Abduction: Child’s Objections) [2010] EWHC 2909 (Fam); [2011] 1 FLR 1153, Fam D
Webster v Norfolk County Council [2009] EWCA Civ 59; [2009] 2 All ER 1156; [2009] 1 FLR 1378, CA
ZH (Tanzania) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] UKSC 4; [2011] 2 AC 166; [2011] 2 WLR 148; [2011] 2 All ER 783; [2011] 1 FLR 2170; [2011] 1 FCR 221; [2011] HRLR 15; [2011] INLR 369; [2011] WLR (D) 32; The Times, 8 February 2011; Case details, SC(E)
Zaffino v Zaffino (Abduction: Children’s Views) [2005] EWCA Civ 1012; [2006] 1 FLR 410; [2006] 1 FCR 387, CA
Subsequent Consideration
Cases subsequently considering: In re M (Children) (Abduction: Child’s Objections) [2015] EWCA Civ 26; [2016] Fam 1; [2015] 3 WLR 803; [2015] WLR (D) 44, CA
Applied in NT v LT (Return to Russia) [2020] EWHC 1903 (Fam); [2021] 1 FLR 773, Fam D
Considered in Ciccone v Ritchie [2016] EWHC 608 (Fam); [2016] 4 WLR 60; [2017] 1 FLR 795; [2016] WLR (D) 155, Fam D
Cases citing
Cases citing: In re M (Children) (Abduction: Child’s Objections) [2015] EWCA Civ 26; [2016] Fam 1; [2015] 3 WLR 803; [2015] WLR (D) 44, CA
A Father v A Mother [2024] EWHC 1149 (Fam), Fam D
A Father v A Mother [2024] EWHC 1296 (Fam), Fam D
A v B [2023] EWHC 699 (Fam), Fam D
AB v CD [2023] EWHC 1670 (Fam), Fam D
AO v LA [2023] EWHC 83 (Fam); [2024] Fam 73; [2024] 2 WLR 1; [2023] 2 FLR 465; [2023] WLR(D) 159, Fam D
B v A [2020] EWHC 3138 (Fam), Fam D
B v P (Hague Convention: Children’s Objections) [2017] EWHC 3577 (Fam); [2018] 1 WLR 3657; [2018] WLR (D) 69, Fam D
BP v DP (Children) (Wrongful Retention: Anticipatory Breach) [2016] EWHC 633 (Fam); [2017] 4 WLR 33; [2017] WLR (D) 59, Fam D
C v M (A Child) (Practice Note) [2023] EWCA Civ 1449; [2024] 1 WLR 1229; [2024] 4 All ER 597; [2024] 1 FLR 493; [2024] 2 FLR 132; [2023] WLR(D) 507, CA
C v V [2016] EWHC 559 (Fam), Fam D
D v E [2020] EWHC 3257 (Fam), Fam D
E v Q (Abduction: Defences) [2019] EWHC 3939 (Fam); [2019] EWHC 3939 (Fam), Fam D
EM v BK (Abduction: Responsive Order) [2021] EWHC 108 (Fam); [2021] 2 FLR 1392, Fam D
ES v DC [2022] EWHC 3397 (Fam), Fam D
F v M [2024] EWHC 189 (Fam), Fam D
FK v ML (Child’s Objections) [2016] EWHC 517 (Fam), Fam D
Father v Mother [2022] EWHC 739 (Fam), Fam D
G v E (Child_abduction)(Repudiatory intention)(Habitual residence) [2018] EWHC 2980 (Fam), Fam D
H v A [2024] EWHC 476 (Fam), Fam D
IB v MM [2015] EWHC 1502 (Fam); [2015] CN 879, Fam D
In P (Abduction: Child’s Objections) [2020] EWCA Civ 260, CA
In re A (A Child) (1980 Hague Convention: Set Aside) [2021] EWCA Civ 194; [2021] 2 FLR 1249, CA
In re A (A Child) (Abduction: Exercise of Rights of Custody) [2020] EWHC 2784 (Fam); [2021] 2 FLR 229, Fam D
In re B (Child) [2015] EWHC 2047 (Fam); [2015] CN 1235, Fam D
In re C (A Child) [2021] EWCA Civ 1354; [2021] 4 WLR 118; [2021] WLR(D) 484, CA
In re C (A Child) (International Centre for Family Law, Policy and Practice intervening) [2015] EWCA Civ 1305; [2016] Fam 253; [2016] 3 WLR 1; [2017] 1 FLR 103; [2015] WLR (D) 537, CA
In re CS (A Child) [2019] EWHC 634 (Fam); [2019] 1 WLR 4286; [2019] 2 FLR 580; [2019] WLR (D) 216, Fam D
In re E (Child Abduction: Child’s Objections) [2020] EWHC 491 (Fam), Fam D
In re F (A Child) (Abduction: Acquiescence: Child’s Objections) [2015] EWCA Civ 1022; [2016] 1 FCR 168, CA
In re F (A Child) (Abduction: Acquiescence: Child’s Objections) [2015] EWHC 2045 (Fam); [2015] CN 1231, Fam D
In re F (Children) [2016] EWCA Civ 546; [2016] 3 FCR 255, CA
In re J (A Child) (Hague Abduction) [2018] EWFC 85, Fam Ct
In re K (A Child) (Abduction: Child’s Objections) [2015] EWCA Civ 720; [2015] CN 1218, CA
In re L (Grave Risk of Harm) (Child’s Objections) [2015] EWHC 3300 (Fam), Fam D
In re M (A Child: Hague Convention) [2020] EWHC 3340 (Fam), Fam D
In re N (Children) (Abduction: Joinder of Children as Parties) [2015] CN 1426, CA
In re P (A Child) (Abduction: Consideration of Evidence) [2017] EWHC 1480 (Fam), Fam D
In re P (A Child) (Abduction: Consideration of Evidence) [2017] EWCA Civ 1677; [2018] 4 WLR 16; [2018] 1 FLR 892; [2017] WLR (D) 731, CA
In re S (A Child) (Hague Convention 1980: Return to Third State) [2019] EWHC 56 (Fam); [2019] 1 FCR 581, Fam D
In re S (Children) (Child Abduction: Joinder of Sibling) [2016] EWHC 1227 (Fam); [2017] 4 WLR 216; [2017] 2 FLR 384, Fam D
In re TP (A Child) [2015] EWHC 2551 (Fam); [2015] CN 1481, Fam D
In re U-B (A Child) [2015] EWCA Civ 60; [2015] CN 266, CA
In re: P and Q (Hague Convention: Consent) [2021] EWHC 2184 (Fam), Fam D
J v C [2015] EWHC 2047 (Fam), Fam D
JC v DF [2022] EWHC 3546 (Fam), Fam D
JC v SS [2023] EWHC 2063 (Fam), Fam D
JK v LM [2020] EWHC 1566 (Fam), Fam D
KS v CS [2024] EWHC 2115 (Fam); [2024] WLR(D) 443, Fam D
M v G (Hague Convention) [2017] EWHC 1712 (Fam), Fam D
MK v RP (Hague Child Abduction Convention) [2018] EWHC 1475 (Fam), Fam D
MR v HS [2015] EWHC 234 (Fam), Fam D
MY v FT [2023] EWHC 2717 (Fam), Fam D
Mother v Father [2023] EWHC 2059 (Fam), Fam D
NP v JP [2015] EWHC 2551 (Fam), Fam D
NT v LT (Return to Russia) [2020] EWHC 1903 (Fam); [2021] 1 FLR 773, Fam D
OC v CD [2023] EWHC 530 (Fam), Fam D
OZ v ML [2023] EWHC 2412 (Fam), Fam D
P and Q (Rights of Custody, Settlement, Grave Risk of Harm, Objections), Re [2024] EWHC 991 (Fam), Fam D
P v G [2023] EWHC 2696 (Fam), Fam D
P v S [2024] EWHC 1875 (Fam), Fam D
QR v ST [2022] EWHC 743 (Fam), Fam D
R (A Child) [2015] EWCA Civ 1026, CA
R v S [2015] EWHC 234 (Fam); [2015] CN 216, Fam D
RS v AM [2022] EWHC 311 (Fam), Fam D
Re: GP (wrongful removal) [2017] EWHC 1480 (Fam), Fam D
S v D (Hague Convention: Domestic Abuse: Undertakings: Return to Third State) [2019] EWHC 56 (Fam), Fam D
T v G [2024] EWHC 246 (Fam), Fam D
The Father v The Mother [2024] EWHC 2425 (Fam), Fam D
V v C [2023] EWHC 560 (Fam), Fam D
YC v AC [2018] EWHC 2406 (Fam), Fam D
ZM v NM [2020] EWHC 2413 (Fam), Fam D