Philipp v Barclays Bank UK plc

Subject Matter

BANKING — Duty of care — Execution of customer’s orders — Fraudster inducing claimant to make authorised push payments from her account with defendant bank to overseas accounts — Whether bank having duty to protect claimant from consequences of payments willingly made but induced by fraud

[2021] EWHC 10 (Comm); [2021] Bus LR 451; [2021] WLR(D) 60, QBD

BANKING — Duty of care — Execution of customer’s orders — Fraudster inducing customer to instruct bank to make authorised transfer from account — Bank under duty not to execute instruction when on inquiry that execution might result in misappropriation of customer’s funds — Whether duty only arising where instruction given by customer’s agent — Whether bank arguably in breach of duty owed to customer

[2022] EWCA Civ 318; [2022] QB 578; [2022] 2 WLR 872; [2022] Bus LR 353; [2022] WLR(D) 121, CA

BANKING — Duty of care — Execution of customer’s orders — Fraudster inducing customer to instruct bank to make transfer from account — Whether bank under duty not to execute customer’s instruction if on inquiry that execution could result in misappropriation of customer’s funds — Whether such duty only arising where instruction given by customer’s agent — Whether bank arguably in breach of duty owed to customer

[2023] UKSC 25; [2024] AC 346; [2023] 3 WLR 284; [2023] Bus LR 1269; [2023] 4 All ER 847; [2024] 1 All ER (Comm) 1; [2023] 2 Lloyd's Rep 125; [2023] WLR(D) 305, SC(E)

Appellate History

Cases Considered

Cases considered in: Philipp v Barclays Bank UK plc [2023] UKSC 25; [2024] AC 346; [2023] 3 WLR 284; [2023] Bus LR 1269; [2023] 4 All ER 847; [2024] 1 All ER (Comm) 1; [2023] 2 Lloyd's Rep 125; [2023] WLR(D) 305, SC(E)

Cases considered in: Philipp v Barclays Bank UK plc [2022] EWCA Civ 318; [2022] QB 578; [2022] 2 WLR 872; [2022] Bus LR 353; [2022] WLR(D) 121, CA

Cases considered in: Philipp v Barclays Bank UK plc [2021] EWHC 10 (Comm); [2021] Bus LR 451; [2021] WLR(D) 60, QBD

Cases Cited

Cases cited in: Philipp v Barclays Bank UK plc [2021] EWHC 10 (Comm); [2021] Bus LR 451; [2021] WLR(D) 60, QBD

AC Ward & Son Ltd v Catlin (Five) Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 1098; [2010] Lloyd's Rep IR 301, CA

Altimo Holdings and Investment Ltd v Kyrgyz Mobil Tel Ltd [2011] UKPC 7; [2012] 1 WLR 1804; [2011] 4 All ER 1027; [2012] 1 All ER (Comm) 319; [2011] 1 CLC 205; Case details; Case details; Case details; Case details, PC

Angove’s Pty Ltd v Bailey [2016] UKSC 47; [2016] 1 WLR 3179; [2017] 1 All ER 773; [2017] 1 All ER (Comm) 583; [2016] 2 Lloyd's Rep 409; [2017] 1 BCLC 1; [2016] WLR (D) 455; Case details, SC(E)

B B Energy (Gulf) DMCC v Al Amoudi [2018] EWHC 2595 (Comm), QBD

Bank of Scotland v Bennett [2002] 2 AC 773; [2001] 3 WLR 1021; [2001] 4 All ER 449; [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 1061; [2002] 1 Lloyd's Rep 343; [1999] 1 FLR 1115, HL

Barclays Bank Plc v Quincecare Ltd [1992] 4 All ER 363, QBD

Barings plc v Coopers & Lybrand (No 2) [2001] Lloyd’s Rep Bank 85; [2001] Lloyd’s Rep PN 379

Battrick v Royal Bank of Scotland plc [2013] EWHC 4848 (QB)

Benyatov v Credit Suisse Securities (Europe) Ltd [2020] EWHC 85 (QB), QBD

Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew [1998] Ch 1; [1997] 2 WLR 436; [1996] 4 All ER 698, CA

British Airways plc v Spencer [2015] EWHC 2477 (Ch); [2015] CN 1453, Ch D

Cathay Pacific Airlines Ltd v Lufthansa Technik AG [2019] EWHC 715 (Ch); [2019] 1 WLR 5057; [2019] WLR(D) 337, Ch D

Easyair Ltd (t/a Openair) v Opal Telecom Ltd [2009] EWHC 339 (Ch), Ch D

Gorham v British Telecommunications Plc [2000] 1 WLR 2129; [2000] 4 All ER 867, CA

Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465; [1963] 3 WLR 101; [1963] 2 All ER 575; [1963] 1 Lloyd's Rep 485, HL(E)

Hewes v West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust [2018] EWHC 2715 (QB); [2018] WLR(D) 642, QBD

In re RBS Rights Issue Litigation [2015] EWHC 3433 (Ch), Ch D

Kennedy v Cordia (Services) LLP [2016] UKSC 6; [2016] 1 WLR 597; [2016] ICR 325; 2016 SC (UKSC) 59; [2016] WLR (D) 74; Case details, SC(Sc)

Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1991] 2 AC 548; [1991] 3 WLR 10; [1992] 4 All ER 512; (1991) 141 NLJ 815; The Times, 7 June 1991; The Independent, 18 June 1991, HL(E)

McDonald v Rose (Practice Note) [2019] EWCA Civ 4; [2019] 1 WLR 2828; [2019] 2 All ER 318; [2019] WLR (D) 13, CA

Morley (t/a Morley Estates) v Royal Bank of Scotland plc [2020] EWHC 88 (Ch), Ch D

Mortgage Express Ltd v Bowerman & Partners [1996] 2 All ER 836, CA

National Commercial Bank (Jamaica) Ltd v Hew’s Executors [2003] UKPC 51, PC

New Media Distribution Co Sezc Ltd v Kagalovsky [2018] EWHC 2742 (Ch), Ch D

Oysterware Ltd v Intentor Ltd [2018] EWHC 611 (Ch), Ch D

Plevin v Paragon Personal Finance Ltd [2014] UKSC 61; [2014] 1 WLR 4222; [2014] Bus LR 1257; [2015] 1 All ER 625; [2015] 1 All ER (Comm) 1007; [2015] Lloyd's Rep IR 247; [2014] WLR (D) 487; Case details, SC(E)

Royal Brompton Hospital National Health Service Trust v Hammond [2001] EWCA Civ 550, CA

Singularis Holdings Ltd v Daiwa Capital Markets Europe Ltd [2019] UKSC 50; [2020] AC 1189; [2019] 3 WLR 997; [2019] Bus LR 3086; [2020] 1 All ER 383; [2020] 1 All ER (Comm) 1; [2020] 1 Lloyd's Rep 47; [2020] 2 BCLC 392; [2019] WLR (D) 608, SC(E)

St Dominic's Limited v The Royal Bank of Scotland Plc [2015] EWHC 3822 (QB), QBD

Thomas v Triodos Bank NV [2017] EWHC 314 (QB); [2018] 1 BCLC 530, QBD

Tidal Energy Ltd v Bank of Scotland plc [2014] EWCA Civ 1107; [2014] Bus LR 1167; [2015] 2 All ER (Comm) 38; [2015] 2 All ER 15; [2014] 2 CLC 124; The Times, 28 August 2014; [2014] WLR (D) 369; [2014] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 549, CA

Warner Retail Ltd v National Westminster Bank [2014] EWHC 2818 (Ch), Ch D

White v Jones [1995] 2 AC 207; [1995] 2 WLR 187; [1995] 1 All ER 691, HL(E)

X (Minors) v Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 2 AC 633; [1995] 3 WLR 152; [1995] 3 All ER 353; 94 LGR 313; [1995] 2 FLR 276, HL(E)

Cases cited in: Philipp v Barclays Bank UK plc [2022] EWCA Civ 318; [2022] QB 578; [2022] 2 WLR 872; [2022] Bus LR 353; [2022] WLR(D) 121, CA

Altimo Holdings and Investment Ltd v Kyrgyz Mobil Tel Ltd [2011] UKPC 7; [2012] 1 WLR 1804; [2011] 4 All ER 1027; [2012] 1 All ER (Comm) 319; [2011] 1 CLC 205; Case details; Case details; Case details; Case details, PC

Bank of England v Vagliano Brothers [1891] AC 107, HL

Bank of Scotland v Bennett [2002] 2 AC 773; [2001] 3 WLR 1021; [2001] 4 All ER 449; [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 1061; [2002] 1 Lloyd's Rep 343; [1999] 1 FLR 1115, HL

Barclays Bank Ltd v W J Simms Son & Cooke (Southern) Ltd [1980] QB 677; [1980] 2 WLR 218; [1979] 3 All ER 522; [1980] 1 Lloyd's Rep 225, QBD

Barclays Bank Plc v Quincecare Ltd [1992] 4 All ER 363, QBD

Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien [1993] UKHL 6; [1994] 1 AC 180; [1993] 3 WLR 786; [1993] 4 All ER 417, HL(E)

Barrett v Enfield London Borough Council [2001] 2 AC 550; [1999] 3 WLR 79; [1999] 3 All ER 193; [1999] LGR 473; [1999] 2 FLR 426; (1999) 49 BMLR 1; (1999) 11 Admin LR 839; [1999] PIQR P272; The Times, 18 June 1999, HL(E)

CGL Group Ltd v Royal Bank of Scotland plc [2017] EWCA Civ 1073; [2018] 1 WLR 2137, CA

Easyair Ltd (t/a Openair) v Opal Telecom Ltd [2009] EWHC 339 (Ch), Ch D

Farah v British Airways The Times, 26 January 2000, CA

Federal Republic of Nigeria v JP Morgan Chase Bank NA [2019] EWCA Civ 1641; [2019] 2 CLC 559, CA

Gorham v British Telecommunications Plc [2000] 1 WLR 2129; [2000] 4 All ER 867, CA

Green v Royal Bank of Scotland plc (Financial Conduct Authority intervening) [2013] EWCA Civ 1197; [2014] Bus LR 168; [2013] CN 1483, CA

Karak Rubber Co Ltd v Burden (No 2) [1972] 1 WLR 602; [1972] 1 All ER 1210; [1972] 1 Lloyd's Rep 73, Ch D

Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1987] 1 WLR 987; [1992] 4 All ER 331, QBD

Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1989] 1 WLR 1340; [1992] 4 All ER 409, CA

Luk Wing Yan v CMB Wing Lung Bank Ltd [2021] HKCFI 279

Nihill v Nihill (unreported) 22 June 1983, CA

Plevin v Paragon Personal Finance Ltd [2014] UKSC 61; [2014] 1 WLR 4222; [2014] Bus LR 1257; [2015] 1 All ER 625; [2015] 1 All ER (Comm) 1007; [2015] Lloyd's Rep IR 247; [2014] WLR (D) 487; Case details, SC(E)

Redmond v Allied Irish Banks plc [1987] FLR 307

Reeves v Comr of Police of the Metropolis [2000] 1 AC 360; [1999] 3 WLR 363; [1999] 3 All ER 897, HL(E)

Roberts v Royal Bank of Scotland plc [2020] EWHC 3141 (Comm), QBD

Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [2018] UKSC 4; [2018] AC 736; [2018] 2 WLR 595; [2018] 2 All ER 1041; [2018] WLR (D) 83; Case details, SC(E)

Royal Products Ltd v Midland Bank Ltd [1981] 2 Lloyd's Rep 194

SEKERS FABRICS LTD AGAINST CLYDESDALE BANK PLC [2021] CSOH 89, Ct of Sess

Selangor United Rubber Estates Ltd v Cradock (No 3) [1968] 1 WLR 1555; [1968] 2 All ER 1073, Ch D

Shah v HSBC Private Bank (UK) Ltd (No 2) [2012] EWHC 1283 (QB); [2013] Bus LR D38; [2013] 1 All ER (Comm) 721, QBD

Singularis Holdings Ltd v Daiwa Capital Markets Europe Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 84; [2018] 1 WLR 2777; [2018] Bus LR 1115; [2018] 4 All ER 204; [2018] 2 All ER (Comm) 975; [2018] 1 Lloyd's Rep 472; [2018] 2 BCLC 1; [2018] WLR (D) 57, CA

Tidal Energy Ltd v Bank of Scotland plc [2014] EWCA Civ 1107; [2014] Bus LR 1167; [2015] 2 All ER (Comm) 38; [2015] 2 All ER 15; [2014] 2 CLC 124; The Times, 28 August 2014; [2014] WLR (D) 369; [2014] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 549, CA

Tournier v National Provincial and Union Bank of England [1924] 1 KB 461, CA

Verjee v CIBC Bank & Trust Co (Channel Islands) Ltd [2001] Lloyd’s Rep Bank 279

Westminster Bank Ltd v Hilton (1926) 43 TLR 124, HL(E)

Westpac New Zealand Ltd v MAP and Associates Ltd [2011] NZSC 89; [2011] 3 NZLR 751

Cases cited in: Philipp v Barclays Bank UK plc [2023] UKSC 25; [2024] AC 346; [2023] 3 WLR 284; [2023] Bus LR 1269; [2023] 4 All ER 847; [2024] 1 All ER (Comm) 1; [2023] 2 Lloyd's Rep 125; [2023] WLR(D) 305, SC(E)

Aegis Resources DMCC v Union Bank of India (DIFC) Branch [2020] DIFC CFI 4

Akai Holdings Ltd v Kasikornbank Public Co Ltd [2010] HKCFA 64; [2011] 1 HKC 357, CFA (HK)

Bank of Scotland v Bennett [2002] 2 AC 773; [2001] 3 WLR 1021; [2001] 4 All ER 449; [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 1061; [2002] 1 Lloyd's Rep 343; [1999] 1 FLR 1115, HL

Barclays Bank Plc v Quincecare Ltd [1992] 4 All ER 363, QBD

Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien [1993] UKHL 6; [1994] 1 AC 180; [1993] 3 WLR 786; [1993] 4 All ER 417, HL(E)

Bodenham v Hoskins (1852) 21 LJ Ch 864

East Asia Co Ltd v PT Satria Tirtatama Energindo [2019] UKPC 30; [2020] 2 All ER 294; [2019] WLR (D) 404; Case details, PC

Edward Wong Finance Co Ltd v Johnson Stokes & Master [1984] AC 296; [1984] 2 WLR 1, PC

European Asian Bank AG v Punjab & Sind Bank (No 2) [1983] 1 WLR 642; [1983] 2 All ER 508; [1983] 1 Lloyd's Rep 611, CA

Federal Republic of Nigeria v JP Morgan Chase Bank NA [2019] EWCA Civ 1641; [2019] 2 CLC 559, CA

Federal Republic of Nigeria v JP Morgan Chase Bank NA [2022] EWHC 1447 (Comm), QBD

Foley v Hill (1848) 2 HL Cas 28, HL(E)

Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd [1964] 2 QB 480; [1964] 2 WLR 618; [1964] 1 All ER 630, CA

Governor and Co of the Bank of Scotland v A Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 52; [2001] 1 WLR 751; [2001] 1 All ER (Comm) 1023; [2001] 3 All ER 58, CA

Gray v Johnston LR 3 HL 1, HL

Groves-Raffin Construction Ltd v Bank of Nova Scotia (1975) 64 DLR (3d) 78

HIH Casualty & General Insurance Ltd v Chase Manhattan Bank [2003] UKHL 6; [2003] 1 All ER (Comm) 349; [2003] 2 Lloyd's Rep 61, HL(E)

Hambro v Burnand [1904] 2 KB 10, CA

Hilton v Westminster Bank Ltd (1926) 135 LT 358, CA; (1926) 43 TLR 124, HL(E)

Hsu Ann Mei v Oversea-Chinese Banking Corpn Ltd [2011] SGCA 3

Ireland (George) v Livingston (Joseph Gibbons) LR 5 HL 395, HL

JP SPC 4 v Royal Bank of Scotland International Ltd [2022] UKPC 18; [2023] AC 461; [2022] 3 WLR 261; [2022] 4 All ER 431; [2022] 2 All ER (Comm) 1015, PC

Karak Rubber Co Ltd v Burden (No 2) [1972] 1 WLR 602; [1972] 1 All ER 1210; [1972] 1 Lloyd's Rep 73, Ch D

Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1991] 2 AC 548; [1991] 3 WLR 10; [1992] 4 All ER 512; (1991) 141 NLJ 815; The Times, 7 June 1991; The Independent, 18 June 1991, HL(E)

Luk Wing Yan v CMB Wing Lung Bank Ltd [2021] HKCFI 279

Lysaght Bros & Co Ltd v Falk (1905) 2 CLR 421

Midland Bank Ltd v Reckitt [1933] AC 1, HL

Midland Bank Ltd v Seymour [1955] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 147

Mortgage Express Ltd v Bowerman & Partners [1996] 2 All ER 836, CA

National Australia Bank Ltd v Meeke [2007] WASC 11

PT Asuransi Tugu Pratama Indonesia TBK v Citibank NA [2023] HKCFA 3; 26 HKCFAR 1

Quinn v CC Automotive Group Ltd (trading as Carcraft) [2010] EWCA Civ 1412; [2011] 2 All ER (Comm) 584, CA

Reckitt v Barnett, Pembroke and Slater Ltd [1929] AC 176, HL

Redmond v Allied Irish Banks plc [1987] FLR 307

Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan [1995] 2 AC 378; [1995] 3 WLR 64; [1995] 3 All ER 97, PC

Royal Products Ltd v Midland Bank Ltd [1981] 2 Lloyd's Rep 194

Ryan v Bank of New South Wales [1978] VR 555

SEKERS FABRICS LTD AGAINST CLYDESDALE BANK PLC [2021] CSOH 89, Ct of Sess

Sansom v Westpac Banking Corpn (1996) 7 BPR 14,615

Selangor United Rubber Estates Ltd v Cradock (No 2) [1968] 1 WLR 319; [1968] 1 All ER 567; [1968] 2 Lloyd's Rep 289, Ch D

Shah v HSBC Private Bank (UK) Ltd [2012] EWHC 1283 (QB), QBD

Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson [2003] UKHL 62; [2004] 1 AC 919; [2002] 1 WLR 2303; [2003] 3 WLR 1371; [2004] 1 All ER (Comm) 332; [2004] 1 All ER 215; [2004] 1 Lloyd's Rep 532; [2004] RTR 153, HL(E)

Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital and the Maudsley Hospital [1985] AC 871; [1985] 2 WLR 480; [1985] 1 All ER 643, HL(E)

Singularis Holdings Ltd v Daiwa Capital Markets Europe Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 84; [2018] 1 WLR 2777; [2018] Bus LR 1115; [2018] 4 All ER 204; [2018] 2 All ER (Comm) 975; [2018] 1 Lloyd's Rep 472; [2018] 2 BCLC 1; [2018] WLR (D) 57, CA

Stanford International Bank Ltd v HSBC Bank plc [2022] UKSC 34; [2023] AC 761; [2023] 2 WLR 79; [2023] 2 All ER 447; [2023] 2 All ER (Comm) 1; [2023] 1 BCLC 169; The Times, 23 January 2023, SC(E)

Tandem Group Ltd v ASB Bank Ltd [2021] NZHC 51

Tecnoservice Int Srl v Poste Italiane SpA (Case C-245/18); EU:C:2019:242, ECJ

Territory Sheet Metal Pty Ltd v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2009] NTSC 31

Tidal Energy Ltd v Bank of Scotland plc [2014] EWCA Civ 1107; [2014] Bus LR 1167; [2015] 2 All ER (Comm) 38; [2015] 2 All ER 15; [2014] 2 CLC 124; The Times, 28 August 2014; [2014] WLR (D) 369; [2014] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 549, CA

Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley [2002] UKHL 12; [2002] 2 AC 164; [2002] 2 WLR 802; [2002] 2 All ER 377, HL(E)

Verjee v CIBC Bank & Trust Co (Channel Islands) Ltd [2001] Lloyd’s Rep Bank 279

Westpac New Zealand Ltd v MAP and Associates Ltd [2011] NZSC 89; [2011] 3 NZLR 751

Whittaker v Campbell [1984] QB 318; [1983] 3 WLR 676; [1983] 3 All ER 582; [1984] RTR 220; 77 Cr App R 267, DC

Willers v Joyce (No 2) [2016] UKSC 44; [2018] AC 843; [2016] 3 WLR 534; [2017] 2 All ER 383; [2016] WLR (D) 402; Case details, SC(E)

Zheng v Bank of China 2021 BCSC 2357; 2023 BCCA 43

Subsequent Consideration

Cases subsequently considering: Philipp v Barclays Bank UK plc [2022] EWCA Civ 318; [2022] QB 578; [2022] 2 WLR 872; [2022] Bus LR 353; [2022] WLR(D) 121, CA

Cases citing

Cases citing: Philipp v Barclays Bank UK plc [2021] EWHC 10 (Comm); [2021] Bus LR 451; [2021] WLR(D) 60, QBD

Federal Republic of Nigeria v JP Morgan Chase Bank NA [2022] EWHC 1447 (Comm), QBD

Cases citing: Philipp v Barclays Bank UK plc [2022] EWCA Civ 318; [2022] QB 578; [2022] 2 WLR 872; [2022] Bus LR 353; [2022] WLR(D) 121, CA

CCP Graduate School Ltd v National Westminster Bank plc [2024] EWHC 581 (KB), KBD

Chu v Je [2024] EWHC 90 (Ch), Ch D

Federal Republic of Nigeria v JP Morgan Chase Bank NA [2022] EWHC 1447 (Comm), QBD

JP SPC 4 v Royal Bank of Scotland International Ltd [2022] UKPC 18; [2023] AC 461; [2022] 3 WLR 261; [2022] 4 All ER 431; [2022] 2 All ER (Comm) 1015, PC

National House-Building Council v Vascroft Contractors Ltd [2022] EWHC 1881 (TCC), QBD

Rex v Mohammed Asif [2022] EWCA Crim 1372, CA

Sheffield Teaching Hospital Foundation Trust v Hadfield Healthcare Partnerships Ltd [2023] EWHC 644 (TCC), KBD

Siemens Mobility Ltd v HS2 Ltd [2023] EWHC 2768 (TCC), KBD

Tulip Trading Ltd v Bitcoin Association for BSV [2022] EWHC 667 (Ch); [2022] 2 All ER (Comm) 624, Ch D

Vinci Construction UK Ltd v Eastwood And Partners (Consulting Engineers) Ltd [2023] EWHC 1899 (TCC), KBD

Cases citing: Philipp v Barclays Bank UK plc [2023] UKSC 25; [2024] AC 346; [2023] 3 WLR 284; [2023] Bus LR 1269; [2023] 4 All ER 847; [2024] 1 All ER (Comm) 1; [2023] 2 Lloyd's Rep 125; [2023] WLR(D) 305, SC(E)

Asturion Foundation v Alibrahim [2023] EWHC 3305 (Ch); [2024] 1 WLR 2947; [2024] WLR(D) 52, Ch D

CCP Graduate School Ltd v National Westminster Bank plc [2024] EWHC 581 (KB), KBD

D’Aloia v Persons Unknown Category A [2024] EWHC 2342 (Ch); [2024] WLR(D) 417, Ch D

Larsson v Revolut Ltd [2024] EWHC 1287 (Ch), Ch D

M & S Restorations Ltd v Banco Santander Totta SA [2024] EWHC 2724 (KB), KBD

R (AB) v Westminster City Council [2024] EWHC 266 (Admin), KBD

Commentary

RPC Perspectives
Court of Appeal holds that Quincecare duty can arise in principle where customer gives instructions in authorised push payment fraud Case comment

Out-Law
Supreme Court backs ‘conventional’ understanding of banks’ Quincecare duty Case comment