Kadi v Council of the European Union

Subject Matter

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY — Council Regulation — Validity — Council Regulation giving effect to United Nations Security Council Resolution to combat terrorism by freezing assets of individuals and organisations suspected of supporting terrorist activity — Applicants designated as suspected supporters of terrorism by virtue of inclusion on United Nations designated list — Applicants challenging lawfulness of Regulation — Whether Regulation validly adopted by Council of the European Union — Whether court having power to review lawfulness of Regulation adopted to implement Security Council Resolution — Whether breaching applicants' fundamental rights of defence and to effective judicial remedy and respect for property — EC Treaty, arts 60EC, 249EC, 301EC, 308EC — Council Regulation (EC) No 881/2002

(Joined Cases C-402/05P and C-415/05P); (Joined cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P); EU:C:2008:461; [2009] AC 1225; [2009] 3 WLR 872; [2010] All ER (EC) 1105; [2008] ECR I-6351, ECJ

EUROPEAN UNION — Common foreign and security policy CFSP — Restrictive measures taken against persons and entities associated with Usama bin Laden, the Al-Qaeda network and the Taliban — United Nations — Security Council — Resolutions adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations — Implementation in the Community — Common Position 2002/402/CFSP — Regulation EC No 881/2002 — Measures against persons and entities included in a list drawn up by a body of the United Nations — Freezing of funds and economic resources — Committee of the Security Council created by paragraph 6 of Resolution 1267 1999 of the Security Council Sanctions Committee — Inclusion of those persons and entities in Annex I to Regulation EC No 881/2002 — Actions for annulment — Competence of the Community — Joint legal basis of Articles 60 EC, 301 EC and 308 EC — Fundamental rights — Right to respect for property, right to be heard and right to effective judicial review

(Joined Cases C-402/05P and C-415/05P); (Joined cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P); EU:C:2008:461; [2009] AC 1225; [2009] 3 WLR 872; [2010] All ER (EC) 1105; [2008] ECR I-6351, ECJ

Appellate History

Legislation Considered

EU Enactments

Regulation (EC) No 881/2002 (Council),

EC Treaty (OJ 1992 C 224, p 6, OJ 1997 C 340/03, OJ 2002 C 325, p 33), arts 60EC, 249EC, 301EC, 308EC

Cases Considered

Cases considered in: Kadi v Council of the European Union (Joined Cases C-402/05P and C-415/05P); (Joined cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P); EU:C:2008:461; [2009] AC 1225; [2009] 3 WLR 872; [2010] All ER (EC) 1105; [2008] ECR I-6351, ECJ

Subsequent Consideration

Cases subsequently considering: Kadi v Council of the European Union (Joined Cases C-402/05P and C-415/05P); (Joined cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P); EU:C:2008:461; [2009] AC 1225; [2009] 3 WLR 872; [2010] All ER (EC) 1105; [2008] ECR I-6351, ECJ

Cases citing

Cases citing: Kadi v Council of the European Union (Case T-315/01); EU:T:2005:332; [2005] ECR II-3649, EGC

AJD Tuna Ltd v Direttur tal-Agrikoltura u s-Sajd (Case C-221/09); EU:C:2011:153; [2011] ECR I-1655, ECJ

Abdulbasit Abdulrahim v Council of the European Union and European Commission (Case C-239/12 P); EU:C:2013:331, ECJ

Al-Bashir Mohammed Al-Faqih and Others v European Commission (Case C-19/16 P); EU:C:2017:466, ECJ

Al-Faqih v Commission (Common foreign and security policy (CFSP) - Fight against terrorism : Judgment) (Case C-19/16); (Case C-19/16 P); EU:C:2017:466, ECJ

Al-Jedda (Hilal Abdul-Razzaq Ali) (R on the application of) v Secretary of State for Defence [2006] EWCA Civ 327, CA

Ayadi v Council (Case C-403/06 P); EU:C:2009:496, ECJ

Bank Melli Iran v Council of the European Union. (Case C-548/09 P); EU:C:2011:735, ECJ

Bank Sepah v Overseas Financial Limited and Oaktree Finance Limited (Case C-340/20); EU:C:2021:903, ECJ

Chafiq Ayadi v European Commission (Case C-183/12 P); EU:C:2013:369, ECJ

Council of the European Union (supported by United Kingdom) v Bank Saderat Iran (European Commission intervening) (Case C-200/13P); (Case C-200/13 P); EU:C:2016:284, ECJ

Council of the European Union v Bank Saderat Iran (Case C-200/13 P); EU:C:2016:284, ECJ

Council of the European Union v Front populaire pour la libération de la saguia-el-hamra et du rio de oro (Front Polisario) (Case C-104/16 P); EU:C:2016:973, ECJ

Council of the European Union v Nadiany Bamba (Case C-417/11 P); EU:C:2012:718, ECJ

Council v Bank Saderat Iran and Commission (Judgment) (Case C-200/13); (Case C-200/13 P); EU:C:2016:284, ECJ

Council v Bank Saderat Iran and Commission (Judgment) (Case C-200/13); (Case C-200/13 P); EU:C:2016:284, ECJ

Council v El-Qaddafi (Case C-413/21 P); EU:C:2023:306, ECJ

Council v Front Polisario (Judgment) (Case C-104/16); (Case C-104/16 P); EU:C:2016:973, ECJ

Criminal proceedings against HF (Generalstaatsanwaltschaft München intervening) (Case C-435/22 PPU); EU:C:2022:852, ECJ

Criminal proceedings against E (Case C-550/09); EU:C:2010:382; [2011] All ER (EC) 127, ECJ

Criminal proceedings against Mahdi (Case C-146/14 PPU); EU:C:2014:1320; [2015] 1 CMLR 1, ECJ

Der Grüne Punkt - Duales System Deutschland GmbH v Commission of the European Communities. (Case C-385/07 P); EU:C:2009:456, ECJ

Donnici v Parliament (Case C-9/08); EU:C:2009:44, ECJ

ENI (Case C-380/08); EU:C:2008:582, ECJ

European Commission and Others v Yassin Abdullah Kadi (Joined Cases C-584/10 P, C-593/10 P and C-595/10 P); EU:C:2013:518, ECJ

European Parliament v Council of the European Union (Case C-130/10); EU:C:2012:472, ECJ

European Parliament v Council of the European Union. (Case C-166/07); EU:C:2009:499, ECJ

Faraj Hassan v Council of the European Union and European Commission (C-399/06 P) and Chafiq Ayadi v Council of the European Union (C-403/06 P). (Joined cases C-399/06 P and C-403/06 P); EU:C:2009:748, ECJ

Florescu v Casa Judeţeană de Pensii Sibiu (Case C-258/14); EU:C:2017:448, ECJ

France v People’s Mojahedin Organisation of Iran (Case C-27/09P); (Case C-27/09 P); EU:C:2011:853; [2013] All ER (EC) 347, ECJ

French Republic v People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran. (Case C-27/09 P); EU:C:2011:853, ECJ

Gbagbo v Council of the European Union (Joined Cases C-478/11P to C-482/11P); (Joined Cases C-478/11 P to C-482/11 P); EU:C:2013:258; [2013] CN 579, ECJ

Hungary v Slovak Republic (Case C-364/10); EU:C:2012:630, ECJ

Instrubel (Case C-753/21); EU:C:2022:987, ECJ

Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines and Others v Council of the European Union (Case C-225/17 P); EU:C:2019:82, ECJ

Italian Republic (C-393/07) and Beniamino Donnici (C-9/08) v European Parliament. (Joined cases C-393/07 and C-9/08); EU:C:2009:275, ECJ

Italy v Council (Siège de l’Agence européenne des médicaments) (Case C-59/18); EU:C:2022:567, ECJ

KS and KD v Conseil e. a. (Case C-29/22 P); EU:C:2024:725, ECJ

Križan v Slovenská inšpekcia životného prostredia (Case C-416/10); EU:C:2013:8; [2013] Env LR 649; [2013] CN 52, ECJ

M & Ors v Her Majesty's Treasury & Ors [2006] EWHC 2328 (Admin), QBD

Masdar (UK) Ltd v Commission of the European Communitites (Case C-47/07P); (Case C-47/07 P); EU:C:2008:726; [2008] ECR I-9761, ECJ

Mono Car Styling SA v Odemis (Case C-12/08); EU:C:2009:466; [2009] ECR I-6653, ECJ

National Iranian Oil Co v Council (Judgment) (Case C-440/14); (Case C-440/14 P); EU:C:2016:128, ECJ

National Iranian Oil Company v Council of the European Union (Case C-440/14 P); EU:C:2016:128, ECJ

Neves 77 Solutions (Case C-351/22); EU:C:2024:723, ECJ

Nikolaou v Court of Auditors of the European Union (Case C-220/13 P); EU:C:2014:2057; [2014] CN 1259, ECJ

Parliament v Council (Siège de l’Autorité européenne du travail) (Case C-743/19); EU:C:2022:569, ECJ

Pye Phyo Tay Za v Council of the European Union (Case C-376/10 P); EU:C:2012:138, ECJ

R (Al-Jedda) v Secretary of State for Defence [2007] UKHL 58; [2008] AC 332; [2008] 2 WLR 31; [2008] 3 All ER 28, HL(E)

R (M) v HM Treasury (Case C-340/08); EU:C:2010:232; [2011] All ER (EC) 68, ECJ

R (Nassani) v Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs [2023] EWHC 2853 (Admin), KBD

R (Western Sahara Campaign UK) v Revenue and Customs Comrs (Confédération marocaine de l’agriculture et du développement rural (Comader) intervening) (Case C-266/16); EU:C:2018:118, ECJ

Raffinerie Mediterranee (ERG) SpA, Polimeri Europa SpA and Syndial SpA v Ministero dello Sviluppo economico and Others (C-379/08) and ENI SpA v Ministero Ambiente e Tutela del Territorio e del Mare and Others (C-380/08). (Joined cases C-379/08 and C-380/08); EU:C:2010:127, ECJ

Republic of Poland v European Commission (Case C-336/09 P); EU:C:2012:386, ECJ

Republic of Poland v European Commission (Case C-335/09 P); EU:C:2012:385, ECJ

Safa Nicu Sepahan Co v Council of European Union (supported by United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) (Case C-45/15 P); EU:C:2017:402, ECJ

Sea Watch (Case C-14/21); EU:C:2022:604, ECJ

Stichting Al-Aqsa v Council of the European Union (Kingdom of the Netherlands and another intervening) (Joined Cases C-539/10P and C-550/10P); (Joined Cases C-539/10 P and C-550/10 P); EU:C:2012:711; [2012] CN 74, ECJ

Winner Wetten GmbH v Bürgermeisterin der Stadt Bergheim. (Case C-409/06); EU:C:2010:503, ECJ

XC v Generalprokuratur (Case C-234/17); EU:C:2018:853, ECJ

Cases citing: Kadi v Council of the European Union (Joined Cases C-402/05P and C-415/05P); (Joined cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P); EU:C:2008:461; [2009] AC 1225; [2009] 3 WLR 872; [2010] All ER (EC) 1105; [2008] ECR I-6351, ECJ

A v HM Treasury (JUSTICE intervening) (Nos 1 and 2) [2008] EWCA Civ 1187; [2010] 2 AC 534; [2009] 3 WLR 25; [2009] 2 All ER 747, CA

A v HM Treasury (JUSTICE intervening) (Nos 1 and 2) [2010] UKSC 5; [2010] 2 AC 534; [2010] 2 WLR 378; [2010] 4 All ER 829; Case details, SC(E)

Al-Bashir Mohammed Al-Faqih and Others v European Commission (Case C-19/16 P); EU:C:2017:466, ECJ

Al-Faqih v Commission (Common foreign and security policy (CFSP) - Fight against terrorism : Judgment) (Case C-19/16); (Case C-19/16 P); EU:C:2017:466, ECJ

Al-Malki v Reyes (Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs intervening) UKEAT/403/12; [2014] ICR 135, EAT

Al-Sirri v Secretary of State for the Home Department (United Nations High Comr for Refugees intervening) [2012] UKSC 54; [2013] 1 AC 745; [2012] 3 WLR 1263; [2013] 1 All ER 1267; [2012] WLR (D) 333; Case details, SC(E)

Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority [2012] UKSC 22; [2012] 2 AC 471; [2012] 2 WLR 1275; [2012] 4 All ER 1249; Case details, SC(E)

Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority (No 2) (Note) [2012] 2 AC 471; [2012] 3 WLR 1, SC(E)

Association belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats ASBL v Conseil des ministres (Case C-236/09); EU:C:2011:100; [2012] 1 WLR 1933; [2012] All ER (EC) 441; [2011] WLR (D) 67, ECJ

Banger v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Case C-89/17); EU:C:2018:570; EU:C:2018:225; [2019] 1 WLR 845; [2018] WLR(D) 435, ECJ

Bank Mellat v HM Treasury [2010] EWCA Civ 483; [2012] QB 91; [2010] 3 WLR 1090, CA

Bank Mellat v HM Treasury (No 2) [2013] UKSC 38; [2013] UKSC 39; [2014] AC 700; [2013] 3 WLR 179; [2013] 4 All ER 495; [2013] 4 All ER 533; [2013] Lloyd's Rep FC 580; [2013] HRLR 30; [2013] WLR (D) 244, SC(E)

Bank Mellat v HM Treasury (No 2) [2011] EWCA Civ 1; [2012] QB 101; [2011] 3 WLR 714; [2011] 2 All ER 802, CA

Bank Mellat v HM Treasury (No 4) [2015] EWCA Civ 1052; [2016] 1 WLR 1187; [2015] WLR (D) 427, CA

Bank Sepah v Overseas Financial Limited and Oaktree Finance Limited (Case C-340/20); EU:C:2021:903, ECJ

Benkharbouche v Embassy of the Republic of Sudan [2017] UKSC 62; [2019] AC 777; [2017] 3 WLR 957; [2017] ICR 1327; [2018] 1 All ER 662; [2017] WLR (D) 691; Case details, SC(E)

Benkharbouche v Embassy of the Republic of Sudan [2015] EWCA Civ 33; [2016] QB 347; [2015] 3 WLR 301; [2015] 3 WLR 301; [2015] ICR 793; [2016] 1 All ER 816; [2015] WLR (D) 83, CA

British American Tobacco Switzerland SA v Exel Europe Ltd [2015] UKSC 65; [2016] AC 262; [2015] 3 WLR 1173; [2016] 4 All ER 389; [2017] 1 All ER (Comm) 68; [2016] 1 Lloyd's Rep 463; [2016] RTR 1; [2015] 2 CLC 637; [2015] WLR (D) 430; The Times, 16 November 2015; Case details, SC(E)

Coty Germany GmbH v Stadtsparkasse Magdeburg (Case C-580/13); EU:C:2015:485; [2015] 1 WLR 4283; [2015] WLR (D) 309, ECJ

Council of the European Union (supported by United Kingdom) v Bank Saderat Iran (European Commission intervening) (Case C-200/13P); (Case C-200/13 P); EU:C:2016:284, ECJ

Council of the European Union v Bank Saderat Iran (Case C-200/13 P); EU:C:2016:284, ECJ

Council of the European Union v Front populaire pour la libération de la saguia-el-hamra et du rio de oro (Front Polisario) (Case C-104/16 P); EU:C:2016:973, ECJ

Council of the European Union v Hamas (Case C-833/19P); (Case C-833/19 P); EU:C:2021:950; [2022] 4 WLR 26; [2021] WLR(D) 592, ECJ (GC)

Council v Bank Saderat Iran and Commission (Judgment) (Case C-200/13); (Case C-200/13 P); EU:C:2016:284, ECJ

Council v Bank Saderat Iran and Commission (Judgment) (Case C-200/13); (Case C-200/13 P); EU:C:2016:284, ECJ

Council v El-Qaddafi (Case C-413/21 P); EU:C:2023:306, ECJ

Council v Front Polisario (Judgment) (Case C-104/16); (Case C-104/16 P); EU:C:2016:973, ECJ

Criminal proceedings against HF (Generalstaatsanwaltschaft München intervening) (Case C-435/22 PPU); EU:C:2022:852, ECJ

Criminal proceedings against Mahdi (Case C-146/14 PPU); EU:C:2014:1320; [2015] 1 CMLR 1, ECJ

Criminal proceedings against Radu (Case C-396/11); EU:C:2013:39; [2013] QB 1031; [2013] 3 WLR 681; [2013] All ER (EC) 410; [2013] WLR (D) 28, ECJ

DD (Afghanistan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2012] UKSC 54; [2013] 1 AC 745; [2012] 3 WLR 1263; 34 BHRC 69; [2013] Imm AR 330; [2013] INLR 665; The Times, 19 December 2012; Case details, SC(E)

Digital Rights Ireland Ltd v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources (Irish Human Rights Commission intervening) (Joined Cases C-293/12 and C-594/12); EU:C:2013:845; EU:C:2014:238; [2015] QB 127; [2014] 3 WLR 1607; [2014] 2 All ER (Comm) 1; [2014] WLR (D) 164, ECJ (GC)

Duncombe v Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families [2009] EWCA Civ 1355; [2010] ICR 815; [2010] 4 All ER 335; [2009] WLR (D) 364, CA

Duncombe v Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families [2011] UKSC 14; [2011] ICR 495; [2011] 2 All ER 417; Case details, SC(E)

European Commission (supported by European Parliament) v Council of the European Union (supported by Czech Republic) (Case C-28/12); EU:C:2015:282; [2015] QB 834; [2015] 3 WLR 647; [2015] WLR (D) 185, ECJ

European Commission v Council of the European Union (supported by Federal Republic of Germany) (Joined Cases C-626/15 and C-659/16); EU:C:2018:925; [2019] 4 WLR 57; [2018] WLR(D) 736, ECJ

Europäisch-Iranische Handelsbank AG v Council of the European Union (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland intervening) (Case C-585/13P); EU:C:2015:145; [2015] 1 WLR 3995; [2015] WLR (D) 106, ECJ

Fahimian v Federal Republic of Germany (Darmstadt Region intervening) (Case C-544/15); EU:C:2017:255; [2017] 1 WLR 4143; [2017] WLR (D) 236, ECJ

Florescu v Casa Judeţeană de Pensii Sibiu (Case C-258/14); EU:C:2017:448, ECJ

Gambazzi v DaimlerChrysler Canada Inc (Case C-394/07); EU:C:2009:219; [2010] QB 388; [2010] 3 WLR 1; [2009] 1 Lloyd's Rep 647, ECJ

HJ (Iran) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2010] UKSC 31; [2011] 1 AC 596; [2010] 3 WLR 386; [2011] 2 All ER 591; [2010] WLR (D) 174; Case details, SC(E)

HK Danmark (acting on behalf of Ring) v Dansk almennyttigt Boligselskab (Joined Cases C-335/11 and C-337/11); EU:C:2013:222; [2013] ICR 851; [2014] All ER (EC) 1161; [2013] WLR (D) 137, ECJ

IR (Sri Lanka) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] EWCA Civ 704; [2012] 1 WLR 232; [2011] 4 All ER 908; [2011] WLR (D) 206; [2011] ACD 102; The Times, 26 August 2011, CA

Instrubel (Case C-753/21); EU:C:2022:987, ECJ

Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami v European Parliament (Case C-583/11P); [2014] QB 648; [2014] 2 WLR 1462; [2014] All ER (EC) 1; [2013] WLR (D) 370, ECJ

Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines and Others v Council of the European Union (Case C-225/17 P); EU:C:2019:82, ECJ

Italy v Council (Siège de l’Agence européenne des médicaments) (Case C-59/18); EU:C:2022:567, ECJ

KS and KD v Conseil e. a. (Case C-29/22 P); EU:C:2024:725, ECJ

MP (Sri Lanka) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Case C-353/16); EU:C:2017:795; EU:C:2018:276; [2018] 1 WLR 5585, ECJ

Mastafa v HM Treasury [2012] EWHC 3578 (Admin); [2013] 1 WLR 1621; [2012] WLR (D) 383, QBD

Mengesteab v Federal Republic of Germany (Case C-670/16); EU:C:2017:587; [2018] 1 WLR 865; [2017] WLR (D) 580, ECJ

Micula v Romania (European Commission intervening) [2017] EWHC 31 (Comm); [2017] Bus LR 1147; [2017] WLR (D) 35, QBD

Ministry of Defence and Support for Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran v International Military Services Ltd [2020] EWCA Civ 145; [2020] 1 WLR 1726; [2020] 2 All ER (Comm) 1003; [2020] WLR (D) 84, CA

N v Royal Bank of Scotland plc [2017] EWCA Civ 253; [2017] 1 WLR 3938; [2017] WLR (D) 255, CA

National Iranian Oil Co v Council (Judgment) (Case C-440/14); (Case C-440/14 P); EU:C:2016:128, ECJ

National Iranian Oil Company v Council of the European Union (Case C-440/14 P); EU:C:2016:128, ECJ

Neves 77 Solutions (Case C-351/22); EU:C:2024:723, ECJ

Nikolaou v Court of Auditors of the European Union (Case C-220/13 P); EU:C:2014:2057; [2014] CN 1259, ECJ

Parliament v Council (Siège de l’Autorité européenne du travail) (Case C-743/19); EU:C:2022:569, ECJ

Proceedings brought by Heinrich (Case C-345/06); EU:C:2009:140; [2010] QB 521; [2010] 3 WLR 435, ECJ

Proceedings concerning Gazprom OAO (Case C-536/13); EU:C:2015:316; [2015] 1 WLR 4937; [2015] 2 All ER (Comm) 1023; [2015] All ER (EC) 711; [2015] 1 Lloyd's Rep 610; [2015] WLR (D) 212; [2015] CEC 1185; [2015] ILPr 31, ECJ (GC)

R (AHK) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Practice Note) [2009] EWCA Civ 287; [2009] 1 WLR 2049, CA

R (Air Transport Association of America) v Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change (Case C-366/10); EU:C:2011:864; [2013] PTSR 209; [2012] All ER (EC) 1133; [2011] WLR (D) 386, ECJ

R (Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (No 3) [2014] EWCA Civ 708; [2014] 1 WLR 2921; [2015] 1 All ER 185; [2014] WLR (D) 237, CA

R (Davis) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Open Rights Group intervening) [2015] EWHC 2092 (Admin); [2015] WLR (D) 318, DC

R (EM (Eritrea)) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2014] UKSC 12; [2014] AC 1321; [2014] 2 WLR 409; [2014] 2 All ER 192; [2014] WLR (D) 89; Case details, SC(E)

R (G) v Governors of X School [2011] UKSC 30; [2012] 1 AC 167; [2011] 3 WLR 237; [2011] ICR 1033; [2011] PTSR 1230; [2011] 4 All ER 625; [2011] LGR 849; [2011] 2 Cr App R 206; [2011] WLR (D) 211; Case details, SC(E)

R (Maftah) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2011] EWCA Civ 350; [2012] QB 477; [2012] 2 WLR 251; [2011] WLR (D) 135; The Times, 21 April 2011, CA

R (Mellor) v Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government (Case C-75/08); EU:C:2009:279; [2010] PTSR 880, ECJ

R (PJSC Rosneft Oil Co) v HM Treasury (Case C-72/15); EU:C:2017:236; [2018] QB 1; [2017] 3 WLR 1031; [2017] WLR (D) 214, ECJ

R (Watson) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Open Rights Group intervening) [2015] EWHC 2092 (Admin); [2016] 1 CMLR 13; [2015] HRLR 14; [2016] Crim LR 48, DC

R (Western Sahara Campaign UK) v Revenue and Customs Comrs (Confédération marocaine de l’agriculture et du développement rural (Comader) intervening) (Case C-266/16); EU:C:2018:118, ECJ

R (Youssef) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2016] UKSC 3; [2016] AC 1457; [2016] 2 WLR 509; [2016] 3 All ER 261; [2016] WLR (D) 35; Case details, SC(E)

R (Youssef) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2013] EWCA Civ 1302; [2014] QB 728; [2014] 2 WLR 1082; [2013] WLR (D) 412, CA

R (Youssef) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2012] EWHC 2091 (Admin); [2013] QB 906; [2013] 2 WLR 904, DC

R (Youssef) v Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs [2021] EWHC 3188 (Admin); [2022] 1 WLR 2454; [2021] WLR(D) 603, QBD

Rendón Marín v Administración del Estado (Case C-165/14); EU:C:2016:675; [2017] QB 495; [2017] 2 WLR 117; [2016] WLR (D) 481, ECJ (GC)

Ruiz Zambrano v Office national de l'emploi (Case C-34/09); EU:C:2011:124; [2012] QB 265; [2012] 2 WLR 886; [2011] All ER (EC) 491; [2011] ECR I-1177; [2011] WLR (D) 81, ECJ (GC)

S v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Case C-304/14); EU:C:2016:674; [2017] QB 558; [2017] 2 WLR 180; [2016] WLR (D) 482, ECJ

Safa Nicu Sepahan Co v Council of European Union (supported by United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) (Case C-45/15 P); EU:C:2017:402, ECJ

Schrems v Data Protection Comr (Case C-362/14); EU:C:2015:627; EU:C:2015:650; [2016] QB 527; [2016] 2 WLR 873; [2015] WLR (D) 403, ECJ

Sea Watch (Case C-14/21); EU:C:2022:604, ECJ

Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families v Fletcher (No 2) [2009] EWCA Civ 1355; [2010] ICR 815; [2010] 4 All ER 335, CA

Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families v Fletcher (No 2) [2011] UKSC 14; [2011] ICR 495; [2011] 2 All ER 417; [2011] WLR (D) 114; Case details, SC(E)

Secretary of State for Work and Pensions v AT [2023] EWCA Civ 1307; [2024] KB 633; [2024] 2 WLR 967; [2024] 3 All ER 1020, CA

Secretary of State for Work and Pensions v AT [2022] UKUT 330 (AAC); [2023] 1 WLR 2669; [2023] WLR(D) 223, UT

Secretary of State for the Home Department v AF (No 3) [2008] EWCA Civ 1148; [2010] 2 AC 269; [2009] 2 WLR 423; [2009] 2 All ER 602; The Times, 29 October 2008, CA

Secretary of State for the Home Department v AF (No 3) [2009] UKHL 28; [2010] 2 AC 269; [2009] 3 WLR 74; [2009] 3 All ER 643; 26 BHRC 738; The Times, 11 June 2009; [2009] WLR (D) 180, HL(E)

Spector Photo Group NV v Commissie voor het Bank-, Financie- en Assurantiewezen (CBFA) (Case C-45/08); EU:C:2009:806; [2010] Bus LR 1416; [2010] All ER (EC) 278; [2010] 2 BCLC 200; [2010] 2 CMLR 30, ECJ

Tariq v Home Office [2011] UKSC 35; [2012] 1 AC 452; [2011] 3 WLR 322; [2011] ICR 938; [2012] 1 All ER 58; [2011] WLR (D) 229; Case details, SC(E)

Tariq v Home Office [2010] EWCA Civ 462; [2010] ICR 1034, CA

Tomana v Council of the European Union (United Kingdom intervening) (Case C-330/15P); (Case C-330/15 P); EU:C:2016:601; [2016] 4 WLR 161; [2016] WLR (D) 443, ECJ

Tomanovic v The European Union [2019] EWHC 263 (QB), QBD

Wightman v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (Leslie, additional parties) (Case C-621/18); EU:C:2018:999; EU:C:2018:978; [2019] QB 199; [2018] 3 WLR 1965; [2018] WLR(D) 747, ECJ (GC)

XC v Generalprokuratur (Case C-234/17); EU:C:2018:853, ECJ

ZZ (France) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Case C-300/11); EU:C:2013:363; [2013] QB 1136; [2013] 3 WLR 813; [2014] All ER (EC) 56; [2013] WLR (D) 218, ECJ