Court of Appeal
Bahia v Sidhu and another
[2024] EWCA Civ 605
2024 May 8;
June 3
Arnold, Andrews, Nugee LJJ
PartnershipDissolutionAccount of assetsClaimant seeking dissolution and winding up of partnership at willPartnership dissolved and wound upDeceased partner’s estate proposing partnership properties to be put up for sale at auctionCourt granting claimant’s application for interim transfer of partnership properties in specie grantedWhether court having discretion to depart from usual practice of ordering sale of partnership propertiesWhether exceptional circumstances justifying transfer to claimant

The claimant and the deceased were equal partners of a partnership at will. In the course of proceedings brought by the claimant, the court ordered that the partnership be dissolved and wound up. At a subsequent hearing, the court appointed a receiver and manager over all the assets of the partnership and directed a hearing for the taking of a dissolution account of the partnership. By the time of the final hearing the defendants, the personal representatives of the deceased partner’s estate, owed debts both to the partnership and personally to the claimant, with interest continuing to accrue. The defendants proposed that the partnership properties be put up for sale at auction, contending that they did not have the liquid resources to pay the judgment debts unless and until there was a disposal of the partnership assets and a distribution of the net proceeds of the winding up of the partnership. The claimant, however, made an application for an interim transfer to him of certain of the partnership properties in specie, contending that a sale of the properties in the open market would be unfair to him and constituted a very substantial advantage to the defendants, in consequence of the retention of partnership money that the deceased partner had taken but failed to restore. In the event, the deputy High Court judge ordered the outright transfer of a number of properties owned by the partnership to the claimant, treating him as having received an interim distribution in respect of each property of the higher of the values ascribed to (or to be ascribed) to each property by surveyors and an expert valuer. The defendants sought to appeal against that order.

On the application for permission to appeal—

Held, permission to appeal granted and appeal allowed. The general approach on the dissolution of a business partnership was that the value of the partnership assets would be realised and, after the discharge of the partnership’s liabilities, any surplus would be distributed between the partners pro rated to their respective partnership interests, and if any of the assets was incapable of being sold, its value would be brought into account by the partner who retained it. The rationale underlying that approach was that a sale on the open market would usually be the best means by which to achieve a full and fair value for the partnership assets. Notwithstanding the key principle that no partner could insist on taking the share of any other partner at a valuation or to insist on a division of the partnership assets in specie, the court nevertheless retained a discretion to take a different course in circumstances where a sale by auction would not serve the interests of justice as it would not maximise the value of the assets, or even if it would, it would unduly favour one of the parties or unduly disadvantage the other(s). However, that discretion was only to be exercised in exceptional circumstances. The types of cases in which exceptional circumstances had been found to exist, or where it had been envisaged there might be justification for departing from the general practice of ordering a sale were (i) where one partner had a very small stake in the partnership, and selling the partnership business as a going concern would create disproportionate injury to the majority partner(s) and/or to third parties such as customers of the business, (ii) where a sale in the open market was obviously not going to maximise the value of anyone’s share in the partnership, because the assets were worth little or nothing if sold separately from the goodwill, and selling both together would be disproportionate, (iii) where, even if its terms were breached, the partnership agreement made provision for a buy-out on termination of the partnership, or it could properly be inferred that this was what the contracting parties intended, and (iv) (possibly) where it was established that one partner intended to use the auction process to drive up the price artificially, to the detriment of the other partner who wanted to buy the property. However, that discretion had not been exercised, or even recognised as arising, in the normal situation where the assets could be sold in the open market without creating any unfairness, and the partners were unable to agree on an alternative. Furthermore, it did not appear from the authorities that the wishes of one partner to acquire a property or certain of the properties held by the partnership, or their wish to continue running the partnership business, or even their willingness to buy out the other partner at a valuation based on the opinion of an independent expert, would alone suffice to take the case into the exceptional category to justify exercise of the discretion. Similarly, it would not be enough in itself for one partner to complain that the other partner had more money or greater liquidity, and therefore would be more likely to outbid them for any property they both wished to acquire. Rather, so long as a fair price could be achieved, it should not matter whether the purchaser was a third party or one of the former partners. In the present case, the judge erred in law by treating the court’s exceptional discretion as an overarching discretion to make whatever order it considered to be just, (even if there was nothing exceptional about the case, and a sale and on the open market would produce a just result) and not as a discretion to depart from the normal practice in circumstances when adopting that practice would not do justice between the parties. Had the judge correctly applied the principles, he would have refused the surviving partner’s application for the transfer of any of the properties to him in specie, since there were no circumstances that jusitfied taking that exceptional course. Accordingly, the judge’s order was set aside (paras 1, 5–6, 24–27, 28–32, , 36–48, 52, 63, 65, 70, 71, 72).

Hugh Stevenson and Sons Ltd v Aktiengesellschaft für Cartonnagen-Industrie [1918] AC 239, HL(E), Hammond v Brearley (unreported) 10 December 1992, CA, Mullins v Laughton [2003] 2 WLR 1006, Benge v Benge [2017] EWHC 2124 (Ch), Malik v Hussain [2021] EWHC 1405 (Ch) considered.

Syers v Syers (1876) 1 App Cas 174, HL(E) distinguished.

Peter Knox KC and John Carl Townsend (instructed by Anthony Gold Solicitors LLP) for the defendants.

Robert-Jan Temmink KC and Gabriel Buttimore (instructed by Hill Dickinson LLP) for the claimant.

Hui Ying Gan, Barrister

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